F55BFA-7FDB-4D6E-A735F8952EAE25C8_agenda.jpg?w=600&h=335' alt='The Inflationary Universe Guth Pdf Editor' title='The Inflationary Universe Guth Pdf Editor' />Arrugas en el tiempo George Smoot y Keay Davidson. PrefacioEl que lee mucho y anda mucho, ve mucho y sabe muchoMiguel de Cervantes. Download 1,250 free online courses from the worlds top universities Stanford, Yale, MIT, more. Over 40,000 hours of free audio video lectures. Alkurjhdys on kosmologiassa maailmankaikkeuden syntym ja kehittymist ksittelev vallitseva teoria. Alkurjhdysmalli muotoutui konsensusmalliksi 1960. I/31%2BIRhUPHbL.jpg' alt='The Inflationary Universe Guth Pdf Editor' title='The Inflationary Universe Guth Pdf Editor' />Cuando en 1. COBE haba descubierto arrugas en la estructura del espacio tiempo, se produjo un notable inters pblico por el origen y la evolucin del universo. Mucha gente me hizo preguntas personalmente, y tambin por telfono y por correspondencia. Aunque me habra gustado contestarlas todas, el volumen era tan grande que no pude hacerlo. Todos nos equivocamos. Nadie es perfecto. Y eso incluye tambin a cinco de los ms grandes genios de la historia de la ciencia Charles Darwin, William Thompson. George Smoot, junto con John C. Mather fue Premio Nobel de Fsica en 2006. La observacin muy detallada efectuada por los laureados gracias al satlite COBE. The metric expansion of space is the increase of the distance between two distant parts of the universe with time. It is an intrinsic expansion whereby the scale of. A. C. Grayling 1 Aaron Copland 2 3 Aaron Swartz 4 Abdul Rashid Dostum 5 Abhay Vasant Ashtekar 6 Abraham Maslow 7 Adam Carolla 8 Adam Kokesh 9. En esa poca Keay Davidson se puso en contacto conmigo y me propuso escribir un libro sobre el tema. John Brockman hablaron con los editores potenciales. Keay comenz a reunir material. Yo ampli el enfoque de modo que el libro pudiera contestar muchas de esas preguntas y al mismo tiempo, proporcionar el contexto que una breve conversacin no podra dar. Cuando comenc con el libro estuve preocupado porque iba a ser un proceso difcil, ya que no tendra suficiente material interesante para usar. Tan pronto como comenc a escribirlo, descubr exactamente lo contrario. Comprehensive and meticulously documented facts about abortion. Learn about the science of human development, womens health, politics, taxpayer funding, parental. Haba demasiado material interesante, demasiadas historias, aventuras y episodios reveladores. Tambin haba muchos temas y conceptos interesantes para presentar. El libro pronto super el medio millar de pginas y yo an tena muchas cosas que contar. Mi coautor y mis editores me convencieron de que si el libro era ms corto sera ledo por ms gente y no afectara el sentido de la obra ni su contenido un libro ms largo tendra ms informacin, pero era probable que fuera menos ledo. Luego vino un tiempo de grandes cortes, reajustes y reescritura, que fue cuando Roger Lewin y Mara Guarnaschelli, con comentarios de Alan Sampson, Luis Audibert y otros editores, dieron forma al manuscrito convirtindolo en un verdadero libro. Seis vuelos en globo se condensaron en uno y medio, y no slo fue mi paso de recin graduado a dirigente de equipo lo que se analiz en la presentacin sino tambin los aportes de mis colegas y nuestro trabajo de desarrollo. Debo reconocer que con eso se consigui un libro mucho ms legible y que el lector se hiciese una idea cabal de cmo es la experimentacin con el uso de globos. Lo mismo puede decirse del resto de la obra. Un par de das antes de que escribiera este prefacio llevamos a cabo un nuevo experimento en globo el millimeter anisotropy experiment experimento de anisotropa milimtrica o MAX, en Palestine, Texas. Despus de un aterrizaje digno de un libro de texto, recuperamos la carga til, pero muchos de los factores descritos en el libro estaban de nuevo en juego. A travs del esfuerzo y el estmulo de todos quienes han colaborado conmigo, el libro es relativamente corto y fcil de leer Da una idea bastante aproximada de la cosmologa y de la realizacin de observaciones. Para conseguirlo, tuvimos que sacrificar algunos temas, tales como el de la cadena humana de la ciencia maestros y mentores que preparan a un estudiante que luego practica como posgraduado llegando a ser, a su vez, maestro y mentor. Tambin se han eliminado los detalles penosos y los grandes esfuerzos realizados. Este informe necesariamente obvia los esfuerzos de los miembros del equipo cientfico, por ejemplo los vuelos en globo y los veinte aos que cientos de personas trabajaron en el proyecto COBE, y por supuesto de todos los otros cientficos que trabajaban en la misma rea. La ciencia es, por naturaleza, una actividad cultural y social que en estos tiempos generalmente ocupa equipos de personas que intercambian ideas, resultados experimentales y conceptos. La esperanza es que esta simplificacin excesiva haga que la cosmologa sea ms interesante y accesible. Finalmente, quisiera decirle al lector que este libro est pensado para que su lectura sea sencilla pero a la vez proporcione todos los conceptos e ideas esenciales de la cosmologa moderna. Algunos de los conceptos de esta ciencia son nuevos y por ello el lector tendr que modificar su forma de pensar. Si alguien tiene problemas con alguna seccin, lea a travs de ella lograr captar la idea general y podr adelantar hasta el prximo captulo. El libro est concebido de modo que una segunda lectura permita ampliar el nivel de comprensin, despus de lo cual el lector estar familiarizado con todos los grandes conceptos de la cosmologa moderna. Bon voyage, pues, en este viaje a travs de la excitante historia del origen y la evolucin del universo y de cmo hemos llegado a tener nuestra moderna concepcin de l. GEORGE SMOOT, Berkeley, California, Junio de 1. Captulo 1. En el comienzo. Yo era un tesoro escondido y deseaba ser conocido por lo que cre la creacin para ser conocido. MITO SUF DE LA CREACINExiste algo en el cielo nocturno que hace que al mirarlo uno no pueda dejar de admirarse. Cuando nio tuve la fortuna de vivir en lugares donde por lanoche el cielo se vea fcilmente. Recuerdo claramente estar viajando en el asiento trasero cuando mi familia regresaba a casa despus de visitar anuestros primos. Por la ventana de atrs vea la luna a travs del paisaje. Pareca seguirnos por el camino que haca mi perro cuando yo exploraba nuestrogran jardn y los campos y los bosques que lo rodeaban. Jain Song Free Download Hindi Songs. Cuando pareca que se haba perdido detrs de un cerro o de un rbol, volva a aparecer. Lespregunt a mis padres Estamos en algn lugar especial para que la luna se mantenga sobre nosotros observndonosEs a nosotros o a la direccin en quevamos Cmo puede hacer lo mismo en todo el mundo al mismo tiempo La luna es como Santa Claus Mis padres me explicaron que la luna es muy grande yest muy lejos, y que las montaas y los rboles que encontrbamos en el camino eran pequeos comparados con ella, como cuando uno pone los dedos delantede los ojos y luego mueve un poco la cabeza puede ver enseguida de nuevo. Entonces me hablaron acerca de la Tierra y la Luna, y tambin de las fases desta y de las mareas. Esa noche mi mundo cambi. Nuestro jardn trasero, el bosque cercano, mi pueblo, e incluso el viaje de dos horas a la casa de misprimos no eran sino una pequea parte de un mundo mucho mayor. Ms an, haba razn y orden, hermosamente explicados por claros conceptos que seentrelazaban. No slo pude descubrir cosas nuevas, como estanques y renacuajos, sino que tambin pude descubrir qu haba hecho que las cosas sucedieran,cmo haban sucedido y de qu manera armonizaban. Para m fue como caminar en un museo oscuro y salir a la luz. Haba tesoros increbles para contemplar. Ahora, cuatro dcadas ms tarde, sentado en mi laboratorio, me doy cuenta de que haba sido capaz de pasar mucho tiempo en ese museo buscando tesoros. Algunos haban sido bosquejados por anteriores investigadores y sabios. Unos pocos los vi con la dbil luz de mi linterna. Santo Grial de la cosmologa. Es una historia que comienza con lasprimeras contemplaciones de las estrellas y nuestros propios orgenes, y contina a travs de siglos de observacin, especulacin y experimentacin. Incluye objetos tan grandes como los supercmulos galcticos y tan pequeos como las partculas subatmicas. Es una historia que me transport a la selvatropical de Brasil y a las desrticas planicies heladas de la Antrtida, al romance y a la frustracin de los globos de altura, al misterio de los avionesespa U 2 y, finalmente, a la aventura del espacio. Metric expansion of space Wikipedia. The metric expansion of space is the increase of the distance between two distant parts of the universe with time. It is an intrinsic expansion whereby the scale of space itself changes. It means that the early universe did not expand into anything and does not require space to exist outside the universe instead space itself changed, carrying the early universe with it as it grew. This is a completely different kind of expansion than expansions and explosions we see in daily life. It also seems to be a property of the entire universe as a whole rather than a phenomenon that applies just to one part of the universe or can be observed from outside it. Metric expansion is a key feature of Big Bang cosmology, is modeled mathematically with the Friedmann Lematre Robertson Walker metric and is a generic property of the universe we inhabit. However, the model is valid only on large scales roughly the scale of galaxy clusters and above, because at the present time and on smaller scales, gravitational attraction binds matter together strongly enough that metric expansion cannot be observed. As such, the only galaxies receding from one another as a result of metric expansion are those separated by cosmologically relevant scales larger than the length scales associated with the gravitational collapse that are possible in the age of the universe given the matter density and average expansion rate. According to measurements, the universes expansion rate was decelerating until about 5 billion years ago due to the gravitational attraction of the matter content of the universe, after which time the expansion began accelerating. The source of this acceleration is currently unknown. Physicists have postulated the existence of dark energy, appearing as a cosmological constant in the simplest gravitational models as a way to explain the acceleration. According to the simplest extrapolation of the currently favored cosmological model known as CDM, this acceleration becomes more dominant into the future. In June 2. 01. 6, NASA and ESA scientists reported that the universe was found to be expanding 5 to 9 faster than thought earlier, based on studies using the Hubble Space Telescope. While special relativity prohibits objects from moving faster than light with respect to a local reference frame where spacetime can be treated as flat and unchanging, it does not apply to situations where spacetime curvature or evolution in time become important. These situations are described by general relativity, which allows the separation between two distant objects to increase faster than the speed of light, although the definition of separation is different from that used in an inertial frame. This can be seen when observing distant galaxies more than the Hubble radius away from us approximately 4. Light that is emitted today from galaxies beyond the cosmological event horizon, about 5 gigaparsecs or 1. Because of the high rate of expansion, it is also possible for a distance between two objects to be greater than the value calculated by multiplying the speed of light by the age of the universe. These details are a frequent source of confusion among amateurs and even professional physicists. Due to the non intuitive nature of the subject and what has been described by some as careless choices of wording, certain descriptions of the metric expansion of space and the misconceptions to which such descriptions can lead are an ongoing subject of discussion within education and communication of scientific concepts. Cosmic inflation. Around 1. 93. 0, Edwin Hubble discovered that light from remote galaxies was redshifted i. This observation was quickly interpreted as galaxies being receding from earth. If earth is not in some special, privileged, central position in the universe, then it would mean all galaxies are moving apart, and the further away, the faster they are moving away. It is now understood that the universe is expanding, carrying the galaxies with it, and causing this observation. Many other observations agree, and also lead to the same conclusion. However, for many years it was not clear why or how the universe might be expanding, or what it might signify. Based on a huge amount of experimental observation and theoretical work, it is now believed that the reason for the observation is that space itself is expanding, and that it expanded very rapidly within the first fraction of a second after the Big Bang. This kind of expansion is known as the metric expansion. In mathematics and physics, a metric means a measure of distance, and the term implies that the sense of distance within the universe is itself changing, although at this time it is far too small an effect to see on less than an intergalactic scale. The modern explanation for the metric expansion of space was proposed by physicist Alan Guth in 1. Guth found in his investigation that if the universe contained a field that has a positive energy false vacuum state, then according to general relativity it would generate an exponential expansion of space. It was very quickly realized that such an expansion would resolve many other long standing problems. These problems arise from the observation that to look like it does today, the universe would have to have started from very finely tuned, or special initial conditions at the Big Bang. Inflation theory largely resolves these problems as well, thus making a universe like ours much more likely in the context of Big Bang theory. No field has yet discovered what is responsible for the cosmic inflation. However such a field, if found in the future, would be scalar. The first similar scalar field proven to exist was only discovered in 2. So it is not seen as problematic that a field responsible for cosmic inflation and the metric expansion of space has not yet been discovered. The proposed field and its quanta the subatomic particles related to it have been named inflaton. If this field did not exist, scientists would have to propose a different explanation for all the observations that strongly suggest a metric expansion of space has occurred, and is still occurring much more slowly today. Overview of metrics and comoving coordinates. To understand the metric expansion of the universe, it is helpful to discuss briefly what a metric is, and how metric expansion works. A metric defines the concept of distance, by stating in mathematical terms how distances between two nearby points in space are measured, in terms of the coordinate system. Coordinate systems locate points in a space of whatever number of dimensions by assigning unique positions on a grid, known as coordinates, to each point. GPS, latitude and longitude, and x y graphs are common examples of coordinates. A metric is a formula which describes how a number known as distance is to be measured between two points. It may seem obvious that distance is measured by a straight line, but in many cases it is not. For example, long haul aircraft travel along a curve known as a great circle and not a straight line, because that is a better metric for air travel. A straight line would go through the earth. Another example is planning a car journey, where one might want the shortest journey in terms of travel time in that case a straight line is a poor choice of metric because the shortest distance by road is not normally a straight line.